3 * by Joshua Wise and Chris Lu
5 * An implementation of a pipelined algorithm to calculate the Mandelbrot set
6 * in real time on an FPGA.
16 output reg [11:0] xout = `WHIRRRRR, yout = 0,
17 output wire [11:0] xoutreal, youtreal,
20 reg [11:0] x = 0, y = 0; // Used for generating border and timing.
24 parameter XFPORCH = 16;
26 parameter XBPORCH = 48;
28 parameter YFPORCH = 10;
30 parameter YBPORCH = 29;
32 always @(posedge pixclk)
34 if (x >= (`XRES + XFPORCH + XSYNC + XBPORCH))
36 if (y >= (`YRES + YFPORCH + YSYNC + YBPORCH))
44 if (xout >= (`XRES + XFPORCH + XSYNC + XBPORCH))
46 if (yout >= (`YRES + YFPORCH + YSYNC + YBPORCH))
53 hs <= (x >= (`XRES + XFPORCH)) && (x < (`XRES + XFPORCH + XSYNC));
54 vs <= (y >= (`YRES + YFPORCH)) && (y < (`YRES + YFPORCH + YSYNC));
55 border <= (x > `XRES) || (y > `YRES);
61 module NaiveMultiplier(
65 output reg [12:0] out,
67 output reg [1:0] ovf);
72 (((y[12] ? (x ) : 0) +
73 (y[11] ? (x >> 1) : 0) +
74 (y[10] ? (x >> 2) : 0) +
75 (y[9] ? (x >> 3) : 0)) +
76 ((y[8] ? (x >> 4) : 0) +
77 (y[7] ? (x >> 5) : 0) +
78 (y[6] ? (x >> 6) : 0)))+
79 (((y[5] ? (x >> 7) : 0) +
80 (y[4] ? (x >> 8) : 0) +
81 (y[3] ? (x >> 9) : 0)) +
82 ((y[2] ? (x >> 10): 0) +
83 (y[1] ? (x >> 11): 0) +
84 (y[0] ? (x >> 12): 0)));
85 sign <= xsign ^ ysign;
94 output wire [12:0] out,
96 output wire [1:0] overflow);
98 NaiveMultiplier nm(clk, x, y, xsign, ysign, out, sign, overflow);
108 input [7:0] ibail, icuriter,
109 output reg [12:0] xout, yout,
110 output reg xsout, ysout,
111 output reg [14:0] rout, iout,
112 output reg rsout, isout,
113 output reg [7:0] obail, ocuriter);
115 wire [14:0] r2, i2, ri, diff;
116 wire [15:0] twocdiff;
117 wire r2sign, i2sign, risign, dsign;
119 wire bigsum_ovf, rin_ovf, iin_ovf, throwaway;
124 reg [7:0] ibaild, curiterd;
128 Multiplier r2m(clk, r[12:0], r[12:0], rsign, rsign, r2[12:0], r2sign, r2[14:13]);
129 Multiplier i2m(clk, i[12:0], i[12:0], isign, isign, i2[12:0], i2sign, i2[14:13]);
130 Multiplier rim(clk, r[12:0], i[12:0], rsign, isign, ri[13:1], risign, {throwaway,ri[14]});
132 assign bigsum = r2 + i2;
133 assign bigsum_ovf = bigsum[16] | bigsum[15] | bigsum[14];
136 assign twocdiff = r2 - i2;
137 assign diff = twocdiff[15] ? -twocdiff : twocdiff;
138 assign dsign = twocdiff[15];
140 always @ (posedge clk)
151 curiterd <= icuriter;
155 if (xsd ^ dsign) begin
168 if (ysd ^ risign) begin
181 // If we haven't bailed out, and we meet any of the bailout conditions,
182 // bail out now. Otherwise, leave the bailout at whatever it was before.
183 if ((ibaild == 255) && (bigsum_ovf | rin_ovf | iin_ovf))
187 ocuriter <= curiterd + 8'b1;
196 input [13:0] xofs, yofs,
197 input [7:0] colorofs,
199 output reg [2:0] red, green, output reg [1:0] blue);
207 assign nx = x + xofs;
208 assign ny = y + yofs;
209 assign rx = (nx[13] ? -nx[12:0] : nx[12:0]) << scale;
210 assign rxsign = nx[13];
211 assign ry = (ny[13] ? -ny[12:0] : ny[12:0]) << scale;
212 assign rysign = ny[13];
215 wire [14:0] mr[`MAXOUTN:0], mi[`MAXOUTN:0];
216 wire mrs[`MAXOUTN:0], mis[`MAXOUTN:0];
217 wire [7:0] mb[`MAXOUTN:0];
218 wire [12:0] xprop[`MAXOUTN:0], yprop[`MAXOUTN:0];
219 wire xsprop[`MAXOUTN:0], ysprop[`MAXOUTN:0];
220 wire [7:0] curiter[`MAXOUTN:0];
222 wire [14:0] initx, inity, initr, initi;
223 wire [7:0] initci, initb;
224 wire initxs, initys, initrs, initis;
226 reg [14:0] loopx, loopy, loopr, loopi;
227 reg [7:0] loopci, loopb;
228 reg loopxs, loopys, looprs, loopis;
233 // A new value to be loaded comes in, and a value in need of loopback comes out.
235 // A new value in need of loopback comes in, and a completed value comes out.
237 assign initx = state ? rx : loopx;
238 assign inity = state ? ry : loopy;
239 assign initr = state ? rx : loopr;
240 assign initi = state ? ry : loopi;
241 assign initxs = state ? rxsign : loopxs;
242 assign initys = state ? rysign : loopys;
243 assign initrs = state ? rxsign : looprs;
244 assign initis = state ? rysign : loopis;
245 assign initb = state ? 8'b11111111 : loopb;
246 assign initci = state ? 8'b00000000 : loopci;
250 always @(negedge mclk)
251 pixclksync <= ~pixclk;
253 always @(posedge mclk)
256 out <= ~mb[`MAXOUTN] + colorofs;
258 {red, green, blue} <= {out[0],out[3],out[6],out[1],out[4],out[7],out[2],out[5]};
259 loopx <= xprop[`MAXOUTN];
260 loopy <= yprop[`MAXOUTN];
261 loopr <= mr[`MAXOUTN];
262 loopi <= mi[`MAXOUTN];
263 loopxs <= xsprop[`MAXOUTN];
264 loopys <= ysprop[`MAXOUTN];
265 looprs <= mrs[`MAXOUTN];
266 loopis <= mis[`MAXOUTN];
267 loopb <= mb[`MAXOUTN];
268 loopci <= curiter[`MAXOUTN];
270 state <= ~pixclksync;
275 initx, inity, initxs, initys,
276 initr, initi, initrs, initis,
278 xprop[0], yprop[0], xsprop[0], ysprop[0],
279 mr[0], mi[0], mrs[0], mis[0],
283 xprop[0], yprop[0], xsprop[0], ysprop[0], mr[0], mi[0], mrs[0], mis[0], mb[0], curiter[0],
284 xprop[1], yprop[1], xsprop[1], ysprop[1], mr[1], mi[1], mrs[1], mis[1], mb[1], curiter[1]);
286 xprop[1], yprop[1], xsprop[1], ysprop[1], mr[1], mi[1], mrs[1], mis[1], mb[1], curiter[1],
287 xprop[2], yprop[2], xsprop[2], ysprop[2], mr[2], mi[2], mrs[2], mis[2], mb[2], curiter[2]);
289 xprop[2], yprop[2], xsprop[2], ysprop[2], mr[2], mi[2], mrs[2], mis[2], mb[2], curiter[2],
290 xprop[3], yprop[3], xsprop[3], ysprop[3], mr[3], mi[3], mrs[3], mis[3], mb[3], curiter[3]);
292 xprop[3], yprop[3], xsprop[3], ysprop[3], mr[3], mi[3], mrs[3], mis[3], mb[3], curiter[3],
293 xprop[4], yprop[4], xsprop[4], ysprop[4], mr[4], mi[4], mrs[4], mis[4], mb[4], curiter[4]);
295 xprop[4], yprop[4], xsprop[4], ysprop[4], mr[4], mi[4], mrs[4], mis[4], mb[4], curiter[4],
296 xprop[5], yprop[5], xsprop[5], ysprop[5], mr[5], mi[5], mrs[5], mis[5], mb[5], curiter[5]);
298 xprop[5], yprop[5], xsprop[5], ysprop[5], mr[5], mi[5], mrs[5], mis[5], mb[5], curiter[5],
299 xprop[6], yprop[6], xsprop[6], ysprop[6], mr[6], mi[6], mrs[6], mis[6], mb[6], curiter[6]);
301 xprop[6], yprop[6], xsprop[6], ysprop[6], mr[6], mi[6], mrs[6], mis[6], mb[6], curiter[6],
302 xprop[7], yprop[7], xsprop[7], ysprop[7], mr[7], mi[7], mrs[7], mis[7], mb[7], curiter[7]);
304 xprop[7], yprop[7], xsprop[7], ysprop[7], mr[7], mi[7], mrs[7], mis[7], mb[7], curiter[7],
305 xprop[8], yprop[8], xsprop[8], ysprop[8], mr[8], mi[8], mrs[8], mis[8], mb[8], curiter[8]);
307 xprop[8], yprop[8], xsprop[8], ysprop[8], mr[8], mi[8], mrs[8], mis[8], mb[8], curiter[8],
308 xprop[9], yprop[9], xsprop[9], ysprop[9], mr[9], mi[9], mrs[9], mis[9], mb[9], curiter[9]);
310 xprop[9], yprop[9], xsprop[9], ysprop[9], mr[9], mi[9], mrs[9], mis[9], mb[9], curiter[9],
311 xprop[10], yprop[10], xsprop[10], ysprop[10], mr[10], mi[10], mrs[10], mis[10], mb[10], curiter[10]);
313 xprop[10], yprop[10], xsprop[10], ysprop[10], mr[10], mi[10], mrs[10], mis[10], mb[10], curiter[10],
314 xprop[11], yprop[11], xsprop[11], ysprop[11], mr[11], mi[11], mrs[11], mis[11], mb[11], curiter[11]);
316 xprop[11], yprop[11], xsprop[11], ysprop[11], mr[11], mi[11], mrs[11], mis[11], mb[11], curiter[11],
317 xprop[12], yprop[12], xsprop[12], ysprop[12], mr[12], mi[12], mrs[12], mis[12], mb[12], curiter[12]);
325 output wire [2:0] red, green, output wire [1:0] blue);
327 reg [1:0] logo[8191:0];
328 initial $readmemb("logo.readmemb", logo);
330 assign enb = (x < 96) && (y < 64);
331 wire [12:0] addr = {y[5:0], x[6:0]};
332 wire [1:0] data = logo[addr];
333 assign {red, green, blue} =
334 (data == 2'b00) ? 8'b00000000 :
335 ((data == 2'b01) ? 8'b00011100 :
336 ((data == 2'b10) ? 8'b11100000 :
341 input gclk, output wire dcmok,
343 output wire [2:0] red, green, output [1:0] blue,
344 input left, right, up, down, rst, cycle, logooff,
349 wire [7:0] zero = 8'b0;
352 reg [13:0] xofs = -`XRES/2, yofs = -`YRES/2;
353 reg [5:0] slowctr = 0;
354 reg [7:0] colorcycle = 0;
355 wire [11:0] realx, realy;
358 wire [2:0] mandelr, mandelg, logor, logog;
359 wire [1:0] mandelb, logob;
361 pixDCM dcm( // CLKIN is 50MHz xtal, CLKFX_OUT is 25MHz
364 .CLKIN_IBUFG_OUT(clk),
368 SyncGen sync(pixclk, vs, hs, x, y, realx, realy, border);
369 Mandelbrot mandel(clk, pixclk, x, y, xofs, yofs, cycle ? colorcycle : 0, scale, mandelr, mandelg, mandelb);
370 Logo logo(pixclk, realx, realy, logoenb, logor, logog, logob);
372 assign {red,green,blue} =
373 border ? 8'b00000000 :
374 (!logooff && logoenb) ? {logor, logog, logob} : {mandelr, mandelg, mandelb};
384 if (up) yofs <= yofs + 1;
385 else if (down) yofs <= yofs - 1;
387 if (left) xofs <= xofs + 1;
388 else if (right) xofs <= xofs - 1;
391 colorcycle <= colorcycle + 1;
397 slowctr <= slowctr + 1;